sudden, uncontrolled, and repetitive movement or sound
likely experience an uncomfortable bodily sensation (premonitory urge) such as an itch, a tingle or tension. Expression of the tic brings relief. With great effort, some people with Tourette syndrome can temporarily stop or hold back a tic.
can be either motor (movement) or vocal (sounds) can be simple or complex
Types of tics
- Motor Tics - Simple Motor Tics eg. sniffing, blinking, shrugging - Complex Motor Tics eg. Skipping, Dancing, sexual gestures, self-harm
- Vocal Tics - Simple Vocal Tics eg. humming, singing, shouting - Complex Vocal Tics eg. repeating other’s words, repetitive phrases, using slurs and swear words
Types of Tic Disorders
According to DSM 5,
- Provisional Tic aka transient tic disorder having one or more motor or vocal tics for less than a year before the age of 18 most common type
- Persistent motor or verbal having one or more motor or vocal tics for more than a year, beginning before the age of 18. has to be either one, not both vocal and motor
- Tourette’s Syndrome having two or more motor and at least one vocal tic for more than a year, beginning before the age of 18.
Causes
- Genetic
- Brain chemistry
- Neurotransmitters like glutamate, serotonin, and dopamine
- Injuries, strokes, infections, poisons
- Other medical disorders like Huntington’s disease
Risk Factors
More likely to occur in male Genetics
Co-morbidity
ADHD Sleep Disorders Learning Disabilities Anxiety Separation Anxiety Disorder