Social Change

Social Change	All social phenomena exhibit change over a period of time. This is known as social change It is the change in social life, activities, changes in social structure and functions
Kingsley Davis’ defn of Social Change	Social change is the alterations that occur in social ORGANISATION, i.e structure and functions of society
Characteristics of Social Change	Universal, Community (change in), Continuous, chain-rel, complex, Varies, Inevitable, sync, no judgement, planned or unplanned
Characteristics of Social Change mnemonic	Plan to use C4 on Universe might Vary but is Inevitable so don’t Judge, Sink that thought
evolvere
evolution	gradual development / gradual unfolding
Social evolution	change in human relationships, gradual. Stone age simple → group tribe → complex urban life. Simple → complex society
Principles of Social Evolution	1)Explained thru cultural or human aspects. Law of cosmic evo 2) Same way as cosmic evo 3)Gradual 4)Progressive, not irreversible
Defn of Social Evolution by Herbert Spencer	Social Evolution is change from indefinite abstract state and determined state
Characteristics of Evolution	1) Gradual 2)Progressive 3)Systematic process 4)Differentiation 5)Integration 6) homegenous to heterogenous
Progress root words	prograder and progressus; an advance; Latin
Progress	Forward movement, towards destination or goal. Desired change.
Progress accd to Lumley	Progress is change in desired or proved direction, not any direction
Characteristics of Social Progress	1) Change in desired direction 2) Collective in nature 3) Shared 4) Voluntary 5) Cannot be measured 6) Variable
Two types of development	1) Distinction bw two types of society; industrial and rural 2)refers to the process by which rural and agri societies are being industrialized
Char of social development	1) Change that is observable at present time 2) Economic changes that can be identified and measured
Development is closely associated with ______ and ______	science and technology
Factors of social change	INTRINSIC (eg geographical change, bio change) or EXTRINSIC (technological, cultural) . Some sociologists believe one factor leads to change others believe multiple
Natural Factors / Geographical Factors	Brought about by nature and environment. Change in env → change in society. Land, water, hills, forests. Natural resources. Wildlife. Climate. Disasters. society more complex = more loss of nat factors. More people on river banks than deserts. Jobs.
Biological Factors	i) non-human ii) human
human biological factors	Size of pop. Structure of Pop. Heredity. Race. Birth Rate. Death Rate. Fertility. Sex Ratio
Size of population	People are assets. size of pop should be balanced. more pop = poverty. Optimum pop = balance bw pop and prod of food. Variation leads to change. Variation in sex ratio leads to change. Polyandry and polygyny
Birth and Death rate	High birth, low death = high pop = poverty, unemployment, etc Low birth, high death = scarcity of human resources, dec in efficiency. Family planning - change in social values, thoughts, matrimonal relationships
Migration	Movement of pop from one area to another. Urban-rural migration and rural-urban migration. Second time - more in India led to dense pop, housing problems, unemployment, problems in agri sector. Also brings change in attitude, beliefs, lifestyles, values. Eg - changes in trad joint families
Age and Sex Ratio	Child, youth and old. Demographic changes influence
Cultural factors affecting social change	Change in culture leads to change in society. three types :- Discovery, Invention, Diffusion
Scientific Factors	Transport and Communication; Agri; Growth of classes
Resistance to change
Causes for resistance	Inadequacy of inv, fear, ignorance, habit, vested int, economic ineq, lack of int app, tech diff in implementation, intellectual laziness, desire for stability
causes for resistance mnemonic	stab 7 eyes out of habit, not fear